A Multi-Media, Computer-Based, Self-Directed, Autonomous, Stress and Anxiety-Management Countermeasure
Principal Investigator:
Raphael D. Rose, Ph.D.
Organization:
University of California, Los Angeles
Stress and anxiety can lead to serious problems on any job, especially occupations that require high levels of performance. Astronauts on extended spaceflights fall into this category. Dr. Raphael Rose is leading a project to develop an interactive, multi-media computer-based program that will train astronauts to recognize, assess, prevent and manage stress and anxiety on long-duration spaceflights. The training would take place before launch with the ability to have follow-up sessions on interventions during the mission.
Once developed, the researchers will evaluate the program during a study of U.S. Navy pilots and a comparison group. Astronauts will also provide qualitative feedback about the program’s usability.
NASA Taskbook Entry
Stress and anxiety-related problems are some of the most common and costly behavioral health problems in society. For those working in operational environments (i.e., astronauts, flight controllers, military), stress and anxiety-related problems before, during, or after missions can seriously compromise efficiency, safety, and performance. To address behavioral health issues like stress, it is important to maximize the privacy, validity, and acceptability of the countermeasures used.
Specific Aims
1. To develop a self-directed, autonomous, interactive multimedia program to train astronauts how to recognize, assess, detect, prevent and manage stress on extended spaceflights.
2. To evaluate the efficacy of the program with Navy Pilots (who are similar to astronauts) in a randomized controlled trial.
The six-session cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-based program includes education about stress, and interactive training exercises that teach users to monitor stress, regulate emotions and relax, think flexibly, be realistic, and take effective action to deal with stressors. The content of the program can be modified to target different populations who work in challenging environments (e.g., astronauts, military, and flight controllers) and could be disseminated widely via computer, tablet, or smartphone.
Key Findings
We recently evaluated SMART-OP in an RCT with a sample of stressed but otherwise healthy University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Law and Business School students (N=66). SMART-OP was compared to an attention control (AC) group that received marketed stress management information (i.e., videos and reading material). Interested participants were screened to ensure they met study eligibility criteria (no medical or psychiatric conditions, were stressed based on a self-report stress score, and a UCLA graduate student). Two hundred and thirty individuals expressed interest in the study, 169 were screened and 80 were eligible. Participants (N = 66) were randomized to SMART-OP or AC and were evaluated on self-report measures and performance on The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Participants also evaluated the program for usefulness and usability. Fifty-nine participants completed all training sessions and assessments. The SMART-OP group reported significantly less stress, more perceived control over stress, and rated the program as significantly more useful than the AC group. During the TSST, the SMART-OP group showed a more adaptive within-task recovery at post-assessment based on α-amylase data (a biomarker of stress). SMART-OP received an “excellent” score on a measure of usability.
Our RCT key findings indicate that SMART-OP is highly usable and is a more effective and useful stress management training program than an educational comparison. These findings support our initial hypotheses that the self-guided interactive multimedia stress management and resilience training program would be a useful and acceptable method of training to the user, and an effective stress management countermeasure. Our findings are consistent with the growing literature on technology-based behavioral health interventions which report that such programs are effective and acceptable forms of treatment. SMART-OP only requires a computer for use so it can be used confidentially at a time and place of the user’s choosing. The program can also be modified for use by nearly any population as well as tablet or smartphone platforms. We also met our two main aims and objectives of our original proposal; to develop an evidence-based autonomous, multimedia stress management training program and to evaluate it in an RCT. SMART-OP is designed to train people who work in operational environments like spaceflight and military to build resilience and mental fitness to stress. The stressors faced by individuals who work in such settings are often chronic in nature (e.g., training demands, family concerns, and conflicts at work) and they often do not receive specific training on effective ways to address such stressors, or may be reluctant to ask for help due to stigma. Our research led us to create a confidential, valid and effective form of evidence-based stress management training using interactive multimedia technology. SMART-OP was designed with the concept that if an individual is handling life stress well, then they can better focus on their job, perform optimally, and lead a more satisfying life.
Proposed Research Plan for the Coming Year
This concludes our project. Our plan is to continue our research and revise and update the program based on our finding from this RCT and evaluate it with a sample of individuals who work in operational settings (e.g., flight controllers at JSC or military personnel).
Stress Management and Resilience Training for Optimal Performance (SMART-OP), is a computer-based, self-guided multimedia, interactive, evidence-based stress management and resilience training program. As this study concludes, we not only have developed an evidence-based stress management and resilience training countermeasure with potential value to the space program and other operational environments (e.g., Military), but also with some modifications and revisions, to the broader American public.
Stress-related health problems, and work-related stress and burnout are among the most common and costly health problems in the country. Stress also plays a significant etiological role in the onset of many physical and psychiatric disorders. The "Stress Diathesis Model" posits that stress in conjunction with a biological predisposition is responsible for the onset of many psychiatric problems like anxiety and depression. Additionally a program like SMART-OP that delivers effective, confidential and acceptable evidence-based behavioral health care can also address barriers to care, such as limited availability of clinicians trained in evidenced-based interventions, or patient reluctance to attend clinical settings due to stigma.
As far as we know, this program is the first of its kind to deliver self-guided, multimedia, evidence-based stress management training. Now that our initial randomized controlled trial on SMART-OP is complete and there is data to support its efficacy, usefulness and acceptability, a potential next step would be larger-scale effectiveness studies to further identify in which sub-populations (e.g., military or flight controllers) and which settings (e.g., home, clinic), and which method of delivery (e.g., tablet or smartphone) are effective.
Ultimately, SMART-OP may help to prevent mental and medical problems in the future by providing easy access to evidence-based stress management skills that help build resilience and mental fitness, and help mitigate the onset of mental health and medical disorders. SMART-OP has the potential for widespread dissemination via computer, tablet, or smartphone to provide evidence-based stress-management training to individuals worldwide. Stress is a common and costly behavioral health issue. Nobody is immune from facing stressful situations occasionally yet few people receive any stress management training. SMART-OP delivers confidential, evidence-based stress management training to the user in a novel and engaging format that only requires a computer and can be used at a place and time of their choosing. The potential educational benefit for a program like SMART-OP is immense and can serve as an important example of the type of work NASA research supports that can impact the day-to-day lives of people on Earth.
